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G

G1, G2, G0
[phases of cell cycle]
G band
[more]
Gage, Phineas
Galactose
Structure
Gamete
Haploid reproductive cell which, after fusion with another gamete, forms a zygote.
Gametophyte
Haploid, gamete-producing stage in the life cycle of a plant. [Discussion] [in angiosperms] [in ferns] [in mosses]
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
[receptors]
Gancyclovir
(also spelled ganciclovir) [More]
Ganglion
Small mass of nerve tissue containing the cell bodies of neurons.
Ganglion cells
of human retina
Gap junctions
Gas exchange
[in leaves and stems]
Gastrin
Gastrula
Stage in the embryonic development of animals during which endoderm, mesoderm, and the archenteron are formed. [gastrulation in frog embryo]
Gene locus
Location of a particular gene (or one of its alleles) on a chromosome.[examples]
Gene pool
All the genes in a given population of a species.
Gene therapy
[using retroviral vectors] [using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector]
Generator potential
Tiny current created across the membrane of a stimulated receptor cell. Its strength increases with the strength of the stimulus, and at a certain level (the threshold) it initiates one or more nerve impulses (action potentials) in an adjacent neuron.
Genetic code
[More]
Genetic mosaic
An individual containing cells of more than one genotype. [and X-inactivation]
Genetic testing
[sickle-cell disease]
Genome
A complete haploid set of genes. [Genome Sizes] [mitochondrial] [chloroplast]
Genotype
Genetic constitution of an individual.
Genus
A taxonomic category that includes (usually) several closely related species. Similar genera are grouped in a family.Humans (Homo sapiens) belong to the genus Homo.
Geological eras and periods
Germination
Resumption of growth of the embryo within a seed, or of a spore. [germination in seeds]
Germline
[More]
giant (gt)
[role of gene in Drosophila segmentation]
Gibberellins
Plant hormones.
Gill slits
Paired openings from the pharynx to the exterior that occur in many aquatic chordates when the gill pouches open out at the branchial grooves.
Glomerulus
Glucagon
Glucocorticoids
[Discussion] [receptor bound to response element]
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as amino acids.
Glucose
[Structure] [homeostatic regulation of]
Glutamic acid
[structure] [as neurotransmitter]
Glutamine
[structure]
Glycine
[structure] [as neurotransmitter]
Glycogen
Polymer of glucose. Surplus glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles and digested back into glucose when energy is needed. [More]
Glycolysis
The anaerobic catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid.[Discussion]
Glycopeptide antibiotics
Glycoprotein
A protein with covalently attached sugars and/or other polysaccharides. [More]
Goiter
Golgi apparatus
[in protein kinesis]
Gonad
Organ that produces gametes, sperm in males, eggs in females. In humans, the gonads also make sex hormones.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GnRH
gp120
Peripheral membrane glycoprotein of 120 kilodaltons encoded by the env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). [role in death of CD4+ T cells]
Graft rejection
[mechanism] [preventing]
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
Immune attack against the host mediated by T cells in a transplanted organ or tissue (e.g., bone marrow). [More] [still more]
Granulocyte
One of the three types of leukocytes (white blood cells) that contain granules in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are the granulocytes. [More]
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
A cytokine (G-CSF)
Graves' disease
Also called thyrotoxicosis. [More]
Gravitropism
Gray (Gy)
[defined]
Gray crescent
[in frog embryology]
Green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Greenhouse effect
Warming of the earth because the atmosphere is more transparent to light from the sun than it is to heat radiating from the earth.
Growth
Increase in the size of an organism, resulting from an increase in its number of cells, their size, the amount of extracellular matrix, or all of these. [human growth hormone]
Guanine
[structure]
Gustducin
Gymnosperm
Seed-producing vascular plant whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary. Includes conifers, cycads, and ginkgos.
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